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76 publications were found on Commercial-Plant-Disease
  • 1998 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-01) It is estimated that 1998 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $605 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was $3.63 billion, this giving a 16.6 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 1999 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-02) It is estimated that 1999 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $580.25 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was $4.124 billion, resulting in a 14.07 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2000 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-03) It is estimated that 2000 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $572.34 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was more than $4.376 billion, resulting in a 13.07 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2001 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-04) It is estimated that 2001 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $587.107 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was more than $4.799 billion, resulting in a 12.23 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2002 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-05) It is estimated that 2002 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $576.65 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4.376 billion, resulting in a 13.18 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2003 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-06) It is estimated that 2003 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $682.67 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $5.399 billion, resulting in a 12.64 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2005 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-08) It is estimated that 2005 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $537.44 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4377.6 million, resulting in a 12.28 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2006 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-09) It is estimated that 2006 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $647.2 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4673.73 million, resulting in a 12.08 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2007 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-10) It is estimated that 2007 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $539.74 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4815.02 million, resulting in an 11.03 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2008 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-1) It is estimated that losses due to plant diseases in Georgia in 2008 amounted to $612.06 million. These losses include actual losses in yield and quality as well as costs of disease control measures. The value of these crops was approximately $4,846.05 million, which resulted in a 12.03% total disease loss for crops grown in 2008.
  • 2009 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-2) It is estimated that 2009 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $653.06 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $5887.33 million, resulting in an 11.09 total percent disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2010 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-3) It is estimated that 2010 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $701.2 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4236.51 million, resulting in a 16.5 total percent disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2011 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-4) It is estimated that 2011 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $823.4 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6285.1 million, resulting in a 13.1% total percent disease loss across all crops included in this summary.
  • 2012 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-5) It is estimated that 2012 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $855.98 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,647.83 million, resulting in a 12.9% total disease loss across all crops included in this summary. Loss estimates for apple, blackberry, blueberry, bunch grape, corn, cotton, muscadine grape, ornamentals, peach, pean…
  • 2012 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-6) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco programs at the University of Georgia.
  • 2013 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-6) It is estimated that 2013 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $821.85 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,551.91 million, resulting in a 12.55% total disease loss across all crops included in this summary. Loss estimates for apple, blackberry, blueberry, bunch grape, corn, cotton, muscadine grape, ornamentals, peach, pean…
  • 2013 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-7) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia.
  • 2014 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-8) This report contains the most results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia in 2014.
  • 2015 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-9) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia in 2015.
  • 2017 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-10) 2017 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $936 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,634 million, resulting in a 14.1% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the 2017 Georgia Farm Gate Value Report (AR-18-01) pu…
  • 2018 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-11) 2018 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $844 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,268 million, resulting in a 13.5% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the ½ûÂþÌìÌà Center for Agribusiness & Economic Developmen…
  • 2020 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-13) 2020 plant disease losses in Georgia, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $806 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6.712 billion, resulting in a 12.01% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the 2020 Georgia Farm Gate Value Report (…
  • 2021 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-1) The 2021 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide covers topics such as pesticide stewardship and safety, insect and disease control, pre-transplant and transplant operations, fungicide and insecticide efficacy comparisons and spray schedules, weed management, wildlife damage, and more. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer¡¯s label and performance data from…
  • 2022 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-15) 2022 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $933 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $8200 million, resulting in a 11.4% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the ½ûÂþÌìÌà Center for Agribusiness & Economic Development…
  • 2023 Georgia Cotton Production Guide (AP 124-3) The 2023 edition of the cotton production guide provides an in-depth look at cotton production in Georgia and the Southeastern U.S. Issues discussed include economic outlook, fertility, weed management, insect management, disease and nematode management, irrigation decisions, precision ag technology, and general agronomics of the cotton crop (varieties, PGR applications, defoliation, etc.).
  • 2023 Southeast Regional Bunch Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 131-1) This is a new annual guide for managing diseases, insects, weeds, and wildlife in bunch grapes in the Southeast. This regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations based on information from the manufacturer¡¯s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on th…
  • 2023 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-2) This 2023 update to the regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer¡¯s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label,…
  • 2023 Southeast Regional Organic Blueberry Pest Management Guide (AP 125-3) This publication provides updated (2023) Southeast-specific information on approved National Organic Program (NOP) disease and pest management options for blueberry production and addresses the issues most commonly encountered under the unique growing conditions of the Southeast U.S. This publication is not intended to provide all details on organic blueberry production, although it does include t…
  • 2023 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide Focused on Plasticulture Production (AP 119-4) The 2023 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry plasticulture production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer¡¯s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pestic…
  • 2024 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-3) This 2024 update to the regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer¡¯s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label,…
  • 2024 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide Focused on Plasticulture Production (AP 119-5) The 2024 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry plasticulture production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer¡¯s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pestic…
  • Abiotic Injuries and Disorders of Turfgrasses in Georgia (B 1258) Turfgrass stands can be injured and damaged by biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) agents. Most abiotic diseases cause generalized symptoms such as wilting, yellowing, thinning and the development of smaller than normal grass blades, limited root growth or slow growth. Based solely on symptoms, however, determining whether the condition is caused by a biotic or an abiotic agent can be challen…
  • Annual Plant Diseases Clinic Summary - 2007 (SB 61) This report includes both physical samples submitted to the Plant Disease Clinics and results from analyses of digital samples submitted through the DDDI system in 2007.
  • Bacterial Diseases of Onions in Georgia (B 1534) Bacterial diseases are among the major production and economic challenges that onion growers face in Georgia. There are six bacterial diseases that commonly affect onion foliage and bulbs in the state. These diseases are difficult to manage and rely mainly on cultural practices and the use of protective bactericides. Host resistance is limited with little information on pathogen biology and the in…
  • Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Blueberry (C 922) A new disease has been identified in the Georgia blueberry production region. This disease has been named ¡°bacterial leaf scorch." This publication includes identification and control methods.
  • Blossom-End Rot and Calcium Nutrition of Pepper and Tomato (C 938) The purpose of this publication is to introduce the problem of blossom-end rot and provide a guide to effectively diagnose and treat this problem.
  • Cane Blight of Blackberry (C 894) Cane blight can be a major disease of blackberry in the Southeast, resulting in severe losses. The wet, humid conditions observed in Georgia and other southeastern states allow for significant losses following pruning or other injuries to the primocane.
  • Commercial Pecan Spray Guide (B 841) This publication provides guidance for insect, disease, and weed control in commercial pecan orchards for 2024.
  • Common Landscape Diseases in Georgia (B 1238) This publication describes some of the most troublesome diseases of Georgia's landscape plants. The following material will help you identify these diseases and offers recommendations for treatment. Knowledge about the common diseases of Georgia landscape plants will allow professional and amateur growers alike to better fight plant diseases and produce healthy plants.
  • Common Tomato Diseases in Georgia (B 1285) This publication contains information about common tomato diseases in Georgia. It includes photographs and descriptions of diseases such as buckeye rot and fusarium wilt.
  • Diagnostic Guide to Common Home Orchard Diseases (B 1336) This publication is intended to be used as a pictorial diagnostic guide to identify the most common diseases seen on fruits grown in home landscapes, gardens, and/or orchards in Georgia. Use this guide as a supplemental resource and/or reference to the Homeowner Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook.
  • Diagnostics System for Crop History and Disorders in Greenhouses and Nurseries (B 1273) This diagnostic system is designed as a tool to assist growers, Extension specialists and county agents to diagnose problems with ornamental crops. The document consists of six major sections and five appendices. Each section is designed to supply information on various important aspects of the crop under scrutiny.
  • Diseases of Leyland Cypress in the Landscape (B 1229) Leyland cypress has become one of the most widely used plants in commercial and residential landscapes across Georgia as a formal hedge, screen, buffer strip or wind barrier. Leyland cypress (x Cupressocyparis leylandii) is a graceful, rapidly growing evergreen tree that is adapted for growth within the 6-10a USDA hardiness zones. Leyland cypress is considered relatively pest-free; however, becaus…
  • Diseases of Sorghum in Georgia: Identification and Control (C 1271) This publication contains information on the most important and common diseases of sorghum, the biology of the causal agents, as well as a detailed description of the disease symptoms (aided by high-quality detailed pictures), relevant up-to-date information on conditions favoring the diseases, as well as cultural, genetic and chemical methods of control. The publication is aimed for producers, cr…
  • Eclipta Identification and Control in Peanut (C 869) Eclipta is considered to be one of the world's worst weeds. This publication discusses the identification and control of eclipta in peanut.
  • Fireblight: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment (C 871) Fireblight is a destructive, highly infectious, and widespread disease. It attacks blossoms, leaves, shoots, branches, fruits, and roots. This publication has some facts and methods to avoid and control the disease.
  • Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon in Georgia (B 1485) Watermelon production faces many challenges in Georgia. The warm, humid climate favors numerous foliar diseases. Because of the long history of watermelon production in Georgia, soilborne diseases such as Fusarium wilt also present challenges to growers. This bulletin will provide background on disease symptoms, pathogen survival and infection, pathogenic races, and management.
  • Georgia Corn Diagnostic Guide (B 1221) The field is a complex environment with many factors that can interact to influence the growth of a corn plant. These factors can be living in the form of insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds; or, they can be non-living such as weather, nutrients or chemicals. In the proper combination of factors, corn can produce more than 200 bushels per acre in the Southeast; or in a totally unfavorable combi…
  • Grape Sour Rot (C 1212) Although grape sour rot can occur in drier climates, the disease complex tends to be especially problematic during wine grape ripening in wet, humid regions. Browning and disintegrating berries and the aroma of vinegar (acetic acid) are a few symptoms that characterize grape sour rot. Sour rot ultimately results in crop yield reduction as damaged berries often ¡°shatter,¡± or fall off the clusters. …
  • Home Garden Series: Disease Management in the Home Vegetable Garden (C 862) Plant diseases can be a significant problem in home gardens. Most vegetables are susceptible to a number of diseases. Home gardeners can reduce the occurrence of many diseases with sound cultural practices. This publication discusses managing diseases in the home vegetable garden.
  • Hophornbeam Copperleaf Identification and Control in Peanut (C 882) Hophornbeam copperleaf has become an increasing problem in agricultural fields throughout Georgia. It can occur at densities that have the potential to reduce yields and influence harvest efficiency. Hophornbeam copperleaf is also known as three-seeded mercury.
  • Identification and Control of Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) of Wheat in Georgia (C 1066) Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), also called scab, is a devastating disease that is emerging in Georgia wheat fields. This publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agent, and conditions that favor the disease, detailed descriptions of the diseases symptoms, and the latest information on cultural, genetic, and chemical methods of control. The intended audience is producers…
  • Identification and Control of Microdochium (Fusarium) Patch in Turfgrass in Georgia (C 1265) This publication contains information on Microdochium patch, an emerging disease in the state of Georgia. This circular contains the biology of the causal agent, as well as a detailed description of the disease symptoms (with detailed pictures), relevant up-to-date information on conditions favoring the disease, as well as cultural, genetic and chemical methods of control. The publication is aimed…
  • Key to Diseases of Oaks in the Landscape (B 1286) This publication contains a guide to diseases of oak trees in the landscape.
  • Landscape Basics: Crop Rotation and Cultural Practices Help Reduce Diseases in Seasonal Color Beds (B 1423) Landscape professionals must consider many factors when choosing the right flowering annuals to plant for a particular location. Primary considerations include high visual impact, consistent bloom for color, foliage for texture and color, sun exposure, growth habit and low-water tolerance. Cost plays an important role as well. Many landscapers typically choose common annual ornamentals and tropica…
  • Leafspot Diagnosis and Management in Bermudagrass Forages (C 887) Bermudagrass leafspot is a disease that decreases yields, nutritive value and palatability. This publication discusses leafspot diagnosis and management in bermudagrass.
  • Mouse Ear of Pecan (C 893) Mouse ear of pecan is a growth abnormality resulting from a deficiency of nickel in the pecan tree. Only recently, the discovery was made that mouse ear indicates a severe nickel deficiency. The disorder occurs most frequently on newly transplanted trees in established orchards, but can also occur on sites where pecan has not previously been grown.
  • Novel Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue (C 861) This publication outlines plant persistence and animal performance characteristics of novel endophyte-infected tall fescue and provides recommended pasture renovation practices.
  • Oat Diseases in Georgia: Identification and Control (C 1263) This publication contains information on the most important and common diseases of oats, the biology of the causal agents, as well as a detailed description of the disease symptoms, relevant up-to-date information on conditions favoring the diseases, as well as cultural, genetic, and chemical methods of control. The publication is intended for producers, crop consultants, county faculty, students,…
  • Orange Felt (Orange Cane Blotch) of Blackberry (C 892) The orange felt (also known as orange cane blotch) disease of blackberry is prevalent in the south. Where ideal environmental conditions occur, this disease may girdle canes or exacerbate other cane diseases, causing subsequent decline and death.
  • Phony Peach Disease (C 1253) This fact sheet covers phony peach disease: History, symptoms, disease cycle, and management.
  • Reducing Aflatoxin in Corn During Harvest and Storage (B 1231) Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. The fungus can be recognized by a gray-green or yellow-green mold growing on corn kernels in the field or in storage. Plant stress due to drought, heat or insect damage during fungus growth usually increases aflatoxin levels. Aflatoxin contamination will reduce feeding value and hinder sales. Because it is extremel…
  • Spanish Series: Da?os Abioticos y Anomalias de C¨¦spedes en Georgia (B 1258-SP) Los c¨¦spedes pueden ser atacados por agentes bi¨®ticos (vivientes) y abi¨®ticos (no-vivientes). Los agentes bi¨®ticos incluyen pat¨®genos (hongos, bacterias, virus, citoplasma etc) y plagas como nematodos, insectos, ¨¢caros, moluscos y vertebrados (roedores, p¨¢jaros etc.). Los factores abi¨®ticos incluyen: condiciones clim¨¢ticas como las temperaturas extremas, el exceso o deficiencia de agua, luz o nutr…
  • Spanish Series: Enfermedad ¡°Mal del Pie¡± en C¨¦spedes de Clima C¨¢lido: Identificaci¨®n y Control (C 1102-SP) El mal del pie es una enfermedad destrcutiva en la region central, sur y costera de Georgia. EL mal del pie afecta todos los cespedes de clima calido en Georgia pero es mas severo en el cesped San Agustin (Stenotaphrum secundatum). La publicacion contiene informacion importante en la biologia del gente causal, descripcion detallada de los sintomas de la enfermedad (con fotografias de alta definici…
  • Spanish Series: Enfermedades de C¨¦spedes: Guia de Referencia Rapida (C 891-SP) Agente causal, c¨¦spedes susceptibles,condiciones que promueven la enfermedad, s¨ªntomas y control de mancha parda, mancha d¨®lar, quemaz¨®n por Pythium, mancha foliar por Helminthosporium, marchitamiento por Curvularia, mancha foliar gris, anillo de hada, enfermedad toma-todo o pudrici¨®n radicular por Gaeumannomyces, roya, hongos gelatinosos y nematodos. [Causal agent, susceptible turfgrasses, cond…
  • Spanish Series: Enfermedades de los C¨¦spedes en Georgia: Identificaci¨®n y Control (B 1233-SP) Esta publicaci¨®n es una gu¨ªa completa para la identificaci¨®n y control de enfermedades de los c¨¦spedes en Georgia. Enfermedades incluyen: mancha "d¨®lar"; anillos de hada; pudrici¨®n radicular "toma-todo"; Mancha parda/Mancha larga por Rhizoctonia Royas; Mancha foliar o decaimiento por Curvularia; quemaz¨®n o mancha foliar gris; antracnosis; hongos gelatinosos; y pudrici¨®n radicular por Pythium/quema…
  • Spanish Series: Enfermedades M¨¢s Comunes de Plantas Ornamentales en Georgia (B 1238-SP) Esta publicaci¨®n describe algunas de las enfermedades m¨¢s problem¨¢ticas en las plantas de ornato m¨¢s usadas en el jard¨ªn. El material presentado aqu¨ª le ayudar¨¢ a identificar estas enfermedades y encontrar¨¢ las recomendaciones para su tratamiento. El conocimiento de estas enfermedades permitir¨¢ a los jardineros profesionales y amateurs a combatir estas enfermedades y tener plantas saludables y bel…
  • Spanish Series: Identificaci¨®n y Control de la Mancha Larga de C¨¦spedes Causada por Rhizoctonia en Georgia (C 1088-SP) La mancha larga causada por Rhizoctonia es una de las enfermedades mas comunes y severas de cespedes de clima calido en georgia y en los Estados Unidos. La publicacion contiene informacion importante en la biologia del gente causal, descripcion detallada de los sintomas de la enfermedad (con fotografias de alta definicion), informacion relevante y reciente en las condiciones que favorecen la enfer…
  • Spanish Series: Mancha D¨®lar de Cespedes en Georgia: Identificacion y Control (C 1091-SP) Mancha d¨®lar es una enfermedad omnipresent en cespedes de clima calido y frio en el estado de Georgia. La publicacion contiene informacion importante en la biologia del gente causal, descripcion detallada de los sintomas de la enfermedad (con fotografias de alta definicion), informacion relevante y reciente en las condiciones que favorecen la enfermedad, asi como los metodos de control cultural, g…
  • Spanish Series: Tiz¨®n de Fuego de las Ros¨¢ceas: S¨ªntomas, Causas y Tratamiento (C 871-SP) El tiz¨®n de fuego de las ros¨¢ceas es una enfermedad destructiva, altamente infecciosa y que ocurre en muchas partes del pa¨ªs y es causada por la bacteria Erwinia amylovora. El tiz¨®n de fuego es particularmente prevalente en algunos condados de Georgia. La enfermedad puede atacar los botones florales, las hojas, los meristemos apicales, ramas, frutos y las ra¨ªces. [Fireblight is a destructive, hig…
  • Stripe Rust (Yellow Rust) of Wheat (C 960) Stripe rust is an emerging disease in the state of Georgia. Evidence of increased aggressiveness of the disease has been reported recently. Rusts are the most economically important group of wheat diseases. More than $5 billion is lost to cereal rusts worldwide each year.
  • Sweet Potato Production and Pest Management in Georgia (B 1489) Sweet potatoes are members of the Convolvulaceae family, which includes morning glory. They are native to tropical America and are a perennial plant there. In more temperate regions such as the United States, they are frost-sensitive and grown as annuals. Sweet potatoes are grown for their edible root, which is often mistakenly called a tuber, like white or Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Howe…
  • Take-All Root Rot of Warm-Season Grasses (C 1102) Take-all root rot (TARR) has emerged as a destructive disease in central, south and coastal Georgia. TARR affects all warm-season turfgrasses in Georgia, but it is more common and severe in St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum). This publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agent, detailed descriptions of the disease symptoms (aided by high-quality, detailed…
  • Tropic Croton Identification and Control in Cotton and Peanut (C 865) This publication discusses tropic croton identification and control in cotton and peanut.
  • Turfgrass Diseases in Georgia: Identification and Control (B 1233) This publication is a comprehensive guide to identifying and controlling turfgrass diseases in Georgia.
  • Turfgrass Diseases: Quick Reference Guide (C 891) Causal agent, susceptible turfgrasses, conditions promoting disease, symptoms and control of brown patch, dollar spot, Pythium, Helminthosporium leaf spot, fading out, gray leaf spot, fairy ring, take-all root rot, rust, slime mold and nematodes.